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| Chudov Monastery in 1882 |
The Chudov Monastery (more formally known as Alexis’ Archangel Michael Monastery) was founded in the Moscow Kremlin in 1358 by Metropolitan Alexis of Moscow. The monastery was dedicated to the miracle (chudo in Russian) of the Archangel Michael at Chonae (feast day: September 19 [O.S. September 6]). The Monastery was closed in 1918, and dismantled in 1929.
Part of the land for the monastery was land given by the Khan of the Kypchak Horde to Metropolitan Alexis as a reward for the service provided by Alexis in treating the ailing favorite wife of the Khan at Sarai. The construction of the monastery together with its katholikon (central church) was finished in 1365. The katholikon was replaced with a new one in 1431 and then once again in 1501–1503. It was traditionally used for baptizing the royal children, including future Tsars Feodor I, Aleksey I and Peter the Great. The monastery’s hegumen (abbot) was considered the first among the hegumens of all the Russian monasteries until 1561.
Chudov Monastery was among the trio of Moscow monasteries that were the centers of book culture and learning in Moscow. The others were Simonov Monastery and Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra. Prominent monks of the monastery, who dedicated their lives to translating and correcting ecclesiastic books, include Maximos the Greek, Yepifany Slavinetsky and Karion Istomin. Gennady, who as Archbishop of Novgorod, patronized the first complete codex of the Bible in Slavic in 1499, was hegumen of the monastery prior to his archiepiscopate.
Patriarch Hermogenes was starved to death by the Poles in the monastery vaults in 1612. The Time of Troubles over, they opened the Greek-Latin School with support from Patriarch Philaret. In 1744–1833, the cloister accommodated the Moscow Ecclesiastic Consistory. As time went by, new churches were added to the monastery complex. These included the Church of St Alexis the Metropolitan and the Church of the Annunciation (both built in 1680) and the Church of Saint Andrew (1887).
During Napoleon's invasion of Russia and capture of Moscow in 1812, the monastery was occupied by the French. The French Marshal Louis Nicolas Davout commandeered the monastery for his own use. A painting by Vasili Vereshchagin shows Davout desecrating the cathedral, using the sanctuary itself as his office. Following the Bolshevik Revolution, the Chudov Monastery was closed down in 1918. All of its structures were dismantled in 1929, as part of the Soviet Union's ongoing policy of state atheism.
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| Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna |
On the spot of the Chudov Monastery and the nearby Ascension Convent the Soviets built the Red Commanders School. All of the monastery’s manuscripts of the 11th-18th centuries were transferred to the State Historical Museum. The relics of Metropolitan Alexis were first moved from the Church of St. Alexis (which he had built) to the Cathedral of the Dormition and then to another church in Moscow. Of the hundred or so other interments in the monastery (including Archbishop Gennady), their remains were lost and their whereabouts are still unknown.
A scene in Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov is set at the monastery.
In 2007 Orthodox public figure Vitaly Vladimirovich Averyanov in an interview with the Youth Internet Journal of the Moscow State University, Tatiana Day, explained the possible restoration of the Chudov Monastery and the Passion Monastery.
On 31 July 2014, President of Russia Vladimir Putin suggested to take the Kremlin Presidium down and restore the Chudov Monastery and the Ascension Convent: "As you know, the building that occupies this site [Building 14] was built in the 1930s, but previously there were two cloisters and a church here... That is how the idea came up of rather than restoring the 1930s building, returning the site to its historical appearance instead, with the two cloisters and the church. In today's situation of course, they would be restored as cultural heritage monuments only."